2) Raymond Williams, in his reading of the avant-garde as a modernist phenomenon, emphasizes the internationalism of the historical avant-garde. "The true social bases of the early avant-garde were at once cosmopolitan and metropolitan. There was rapid transfer and interaction between different countries and different capitals, and the deep mode of the whole movement, as in Modernism, was precisely this mobility across frontiers: frontiers which were among the most obvious elements of the old order which had to be rejected, even when native folk sources were being included as elements or as inspiration of the new art" (The Politics of Modernism: Against the New Conformists, "The Politics of the Avant-Garde." London: Verso, 1989: 59.)